B01 | Role of apoptotic caspases in macrophage-mediated anti-bacterial immunity
Prof. Dr. Hamid Kashkar
Institute for Molecular Immunology
Translational Research for Infectious Diseases and Oncology (TRIO)
Contact: h.kashkar(at)uni-koeln(dot)de
For more information visit: Kashkar lab
Dr. Melanie Fritsch
Institute for Molecular Immunology
Translational Research for Infectious Diseases and Oncology (TRIO)
Contact: melanie.fritsch(at)uk-koeln(dot)de
For more information visit: Kashkar lab
Abstract
Macrophages are key players in host defence, inflammation, tissue homeostasis and repair. Different modes of macrophage death including apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis have been described, in particular upon interaction with bacterial pathogens. Recent observations strongly indicated that pro-apoptotic caspase activity is a versatile cellular tool that can cause different cellular outcomes by acting as a switch regulating different modes of cell death. This project will investigate the role of pro-apoptotic caspases in macrophage-mediated anti-bacterial immunity.
Recent Publications
2026
Stachelscheid J, Kaul C, Gerstenberg K, Werthenbach JP, Schorn F, Steinkamp J, Zigrino P, Pasparakis M, Schiffmann LM, Kashkar H. The anti-tumour activity of TNF in melanoma is determined by cFLIP. Cell Death Dis. 2026 Aug 1;17(1):671. doi: 10.1038/s41419-026-09154-6. PMID: 42542455.
Sieg N, Stachelscheid J, Thaqi B, Schwab T, Schorn F, Hahn D, Simon AG, Tolkach Y, Abedpour N, Tröder SE, Voigt I, Gaedke F, Wiegmann K, Brodesser S, Schauss A, Zevnik B, Krönke M, Büttner R, Quaas A, Hallek M, Fritsch M, Kashkar H. Proteolytic activation of executioner caspase-3 and -7 regulates different physiological processes in mice. EMBO J. 2026 Jul 21. doi: 10.1038/s44318-026-00871-4. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42481806.
Bariboloka KT, Serrano-Saenz S, Savcigil DP, Spoeck S, Poss RE, Schreurs LD, Löber J, Serin N, Valiulis J, Nugraha K, Gangarossa G, Lütz A, Reese M, Klein S, Enssle JC, Büttner R, Kashkar H, Peifer M, Chapuy B, Knittel G, Labi V, Villunger A, Nguyen PH, Scheich S, Oellerich T, Walczak H, Flümann R, Jachimowicz RD, Hallek MJ, Reinhardt HC, Annibaldi A. Expression of cFLIP in B cells is essential for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma pathogenesis. Blood. 2026 Apr 23:blood.2026033320. doi: 10.1182/blood.2026033320. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42024475.
Project B01 Publications 2nd Funding Period 2024 - 2027
2025
Kashkar H, Pasparakis M. Cell-death networks. Mol Cell. 2025 Oct 16;85(20):3890-3890.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2025.09.028. PMID: 41106376.
2024
Joseph AM, Ahmed A, Goc J, Horn V, Fiedler B, Garone D, Grigg JB, Uddin J, Teng F, Fritsch M, Viver E, Sonnenberg GF, RIPK3 and caspase-8 interpret cytokine signals to regulate ILC3 survival in the gut. ScienceDirect11 August 202; doi.org/10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.08.0.
Project B01 Publications 1st Funding Period 2020 - 2023
2023
Schorn, F., Werthenbach, J.P., Hoffmann, M., Daoud, M., Stachelscheid, J., Schiffmann, L.M., Hildebrandt, X., Lyu, S.I., Peltzer, N., Quaas, A., Vucic, D., Silke, J., Pasparakis, M. and Kashkar, H. (2023) cIAPs control RIPK1 kinase activity-dependent and -independent cell death and tissue inflammation. EMBO J. doi: 10.15252/embj.2023113614
Injarabian, L., Willenborg, S., Welcker, D., Sanin, D.E., Pasparakis, M., Kashkar, H. and Eming, S.A. (2023) FADD- and RIPK3-mediated cell death ensures clearance of Ly6Chigh wound macrophages from damaged tissue. J Invest Dermatol. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.06.203.
2022
Maekawa, T., Kashkar, H. & Coll, N.S. Dying in self-defence: a comparative overview of immunogenic cell death signalling in animals and plants. Cell Death Differ (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-022-01060-6 (review)
Daoud, M., Broxtermann, P.N., Schorn, F., Werthenbach, J.P., Seeger, J.M., Schiffmann, L.M., Brinkmann, K., Vucic, D., Tüting, T., Mauch, C., Kulms, D., Zigrino, P., Kashkar, H. (2022) XIAP promotes melanoma growth by inducing tumour neutrophil infiltration. EMBO Reports (2022)e53608 https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.202153608
Simpson, D.S., Pang, J., Weir, A., Kong, I.Y., Fritsch, M., Rashidi, M., Cooney, J.P., Davidson, K.C., Speir, M., Djajawi, T.M., Hughes, S., Mackiewicz, L., Dayton, M., Anderton, H., Doerflinger, M., Deng, Y., Huang, A.S., Conos, S.A., Tye, H., Chow, S.H., Rahman, A., Norton, R.S., Naderer, T., Nicholson, S.E., Burgio, G., Man, S.M., Groom, J.R,. Herold, M.J., Hawkins, E.D., Lawlor, K.E., Strasser, A., Silke, J., Pellegrini, M., Kashkar, H., Feltham, R., Vince, J.E. (2022) Interferon-g primes macrophages for pathogen ligand-induced killing via a caspase-8 and mitochondrial cell death pathway. Immunity 55, 1–19, March 8, 2022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2022.01.003
2021
Flores-Romero, H., Hohorst, L., John, M., Albert, M.-C., King, L.E., Beckmann, L., Szabo, T., Hertlein, V., Luo, X., Villunger, A., Frenzel, L.P., Kashkar, H., & Garcia-Saez, A.J. (2021) BCL-2-family protein tBID can act as a BAX-like effector of apoptosis. The EMBO Journal (2021) e108690 DOI10.15252/embj.2021108690
Theobald, S.J., Gräb, J., Fritsch, M., Suárez, I., Eisfeld, H.S., Winter, S., Koch, M., Hölscher, C., Pasparakis, M., Kashkar, H., and Rybniker, J. (2021) Gasdermin D mediates host cell death but not interleukin-1β secretion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages. Cell Death Discov.7, 327 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41420-021-00716-5
Geueke, A., Mantellato, G., Kueste, F., Schettina, P., Nelles, M., Seeger, J.M., Kashkar, H., & Niemann, C. (2021) The anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein regulates hair follicle stem cell function. EMBO reports e52301 https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.202052301
2020
Mayer, C.T., Nieke, J.P., Gazumyan, A., Cipolla, M., Wang, Q., Oliveira, Y.T., Ramos, V., Monette, S., Li, Q.Z., Gershwin, M.E., Kashkar, H., Nussenzweig, M.C. (2020) An apoptosis-dependent checkpoint for autoimmunity in memory B and plasma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A [Epub ahead of print] https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015372117
Albert, M.C., Brinkmann, K., Pokrzywa, W., Günther, S.D., Krönke, M., Hoppe, T. & Kashkar, H. (2020). CHIP ubiquitylates NOXA and induces its lysosomal degradation in response to DNA damage. Cell Death Dis11, 740. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-020-02923-x
Schiffmann, L.M., Werthenbach, J.P., Heintges-Kleinhofer, F., Seeger, J.M., Fritsch, M., Günther, S.D., Willenborg,S., Brodesser,S., Lucas, C. Jüngst, C., Albert, M.C., Schorn, F.,Witt, A., Moraes, C.T., Bruns, C.J., Pasparakis, M., Krönke, M., Eming, S.A., Coutelle, O., Kashkar, H. (2020). Mitochondrial respiration controls neoangiogenesis during wound healing and tumour growth.Nat Comm. Volume 11, Article Number: 3653. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17472-2
Günther SD, Fritsch M, Seeger JM, Schiffmann LM, Snipas SJ, Coutelle M, Kufer TA, Higgins PG, Hornung V, Bernardini ML, Höning S, Krönke M, Salvesen GS, Kashkar H. (2020) Cytosolic Gram-negative bacteria prevent apoptosis by inhibition of effector caspases through lipopolysaccharide. Nat. Microbiol. 5:354–367.
Project related Publications
2014 - 2019
Fritsch M, Günther SD, Schwarzer R, Albert MC, Schorn F, Werthenbach JP, Schiffmann LM, Stair N, Stocks H, Seeger JM, Lamkanfi M, Krönke M, Pasparakis M, Kashkar H. (2019) Caspase-8 is the molecular switch for apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis. Nature 575:683-687.
Grab, J., Suarez, I., van Gumpel, E., Winter, S., Schreiber, F., Esser, A., Holscher, C., Fritsch, M., Herb, M., Schramm, M., Wachsmuth, L., Pallasch, C., Pasparakis, M., Kashkar, H., Rybniker, J. (2019). Corticosteroids inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced necrotic host cell death by abrogating mitochondrial membrane permeability transition. Nat Commun 10, 688.
Chauhan, D., Bartok, E., Gaidt, M.M., Bock, F.J., Herrmann, J., Seeger, J.M., Broz, P., Beckmann, R., Kashkar, H., Tait, S.W.G., Müller, R., Hornung, V. (2018). BAX/BAK-Induced Apoptosis Results in Caspase-8-Dependent IL-1beta Maturation in Macrophages. Cell Rep 25, 2354-2368 e2355.
Hösel, M., Quasdorff, M., Ringelhan, M., Kashkar, H., Debey-Pascher, S., Sprinzel, M.F., Bockmann, J.H., Arzberger, S., Webb, D., von Olshhausen, G., Weber, A., Schulze, J.L., Büning, H., Heikenwalder, M., Protzer, U. (2017) Hepatitis B virus activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 supporting hepatocyte survival and virus replication. Cell Mol. Gastroentrol. Hepatol. 4(3):339-363
Witt, A., Seeger, J.M., Coutelle, O., Zigrino, P., Broxtermann, P., Andree, M., Brinkmann, K., Jungst, C., Schauss, A.C., Schull, S., Wohlleber, D., Knolle, P., Krönke, M., Mauch, C., Kashkar, H. (2015). IAP antagonization promotes inflammatory destruction of vascular endothelium. EMBO Rep 16, 719-727.
Andree, M., Seeger, J.M., Schull, S., Coutelle, O., Wagner-Stippich, D., Wiegmann, K., Wunderlich, C.M., Brinkmann, K., Broxtermann, P., Witt, A., Fritsch, M., Martinelli, P., Bielig, H., Lamkemeyer, T., Rugarli, E.I., Kaufmann, T., Sterner-Koch, A., Wunderlich, F.T., Villunger, A., Martins, L.M., Krönke, M., Kufer, T.A., Utermöhlen, O., Kashkar, H. (2014). BID-dependent release of mitochondrial SMAC dampens XIAP-mediated immunity against Shigella. EMBO J 33, 2171-2187.